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Comprehensive Modular Survey 2025
August 30 , 2025
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- The Comprehensive Modular Survey (CMS) on Education under the 80th round of the National Sample Survey (NSS) studied household spending on school education for currently enrolled students.
- Government schools accounted for 55.9 percent of total enrolments, with 66.0 percent in rural areas and 30.1 percent in urban areas.
- Only 26.7 percent of government school students paid course fees, compared to 95.7 percent in non-government schools.
- In private unaided schools in urban areas, 98.0 percent of students reported paying course fees.
- Household spending per student was ₹2,863 in government schools and ₹25,002 in non-government schools.
- Course fees were the highest expense for households, averaging ₹7,111 per student, followed by ₹2,002 for textbooks and stationery.
- Urban students incurred ₹15,143 on course fees on average, while rural students spent ₹3,979.
- Nearly 27.0 percent of students took private coaching, with 30.7 percent in urban areas and 25.5 percent in rural areas.
- Average household spending on coaching was ₹3,988 in urban areas and ₹1,793 in rural areas.
- At the higher secondary level, coaching costs were ₹9,950 in urban areas and ₹4,548 in rural areas.
- Family members were the main source of education funding for 95.0 percent of students across India.
- Only 1.2 percent of students reported government scholarships as their primary funding source.
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