Russia's lower house of parliament approved the withdrawal from the Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA) signed with the United States in 2000.
The PMDA required both countries to dispose of 34 tonnes of weapons-grade plutonium each, enough for about 17,000 nuclear warheads.
The agreement came into force in 2011.
It aimed to reduce proliferation risks by converting plutonium into mixed oxide (MOX) fuel or irradiating it in reactors.
Russia suspended implementation in 2016, citing U.S. sanctions, NATO expansion, and unilateral changes in U.S. plutonium disposal methods.
Russia and the U.S. still hold around 8,000 nuclear warheads, down from 73,000 in 1986.