Southern states of India are performing the best when it comes to policing, justice delivery and prison management, according to the fourth India Justice Report.
All the top spots in the large and mid-sized category were taken by the southern states - Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
The West Bengal came at the bottom of the table, followed by the Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Rajasthan.
Among the seven small states, Sikkim was the best-performer, while Goa was the laggard.
The performance of states on the four pillars of justice -- police, prisons, judiciary and legal aid -- was considered for the ranking.
The report highlights areas where states are making headway or falling behind in the process of fighting crime and in justice delivery.
Nationally, the police-population ratio remained stagnant at 155 police personnel per 100,000 population, significantly below the sanctioned strength of 197.5.
Bihar had the worst police-to-population ratio, at just 81 police per lakh people.
In terms of providing a legal aid, Haryana has made the most improvement since the last edition of the report published in 2022.
Over the last decade, the prison populations have surged by nearly 50%.
The India Justice Report, started under the aegis of the Tata Trusts, brought out its first report in 2019.