August 6 , 2025
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	- The International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled the 1997 Kyoto Protocol remains legally valid despite the 2015 Paris Agreement.
 
	- Countries must comply with the Kyoto Protocol’s provisions and emission targets under international law.
 
	- The Protocol’s first commitment period was from 2008 to 2012, and the second from 2012 to 2020.
 
	- The Paris Agreement did not terminate the Kyoto Protocol, but no new commitment period was set after 2020.
 
	- Non-compliance with the Kyoto Protocol may be considered an internationally wrongful act.
 
	- The ICJ ruling is advisory and may lead to increased climate accountability and litigation worldwide.
 

                                 
                            
                                
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